Duchess of Malfi Essay

The Duchess of Malfi written by John Webster was first performed around 1613. A dramatic tragedy, the play is about a forbidden marriage between the Duchess and Antonio her steward, and the wrath of her brothers which leads to many of their deaths. Webster focuses on the role of rank to detail the emotions between relationships in an aristocratic family in a time when class was all important. He uses many distinctive features to convey the substance of the play and its characters, and give the actors playing the roles cues for stage performance. This extract is part of the proposal and marriage scene, one of the biggest emotional dramatic scenes of the play. The duchess is marrying in secret against her brothers wishes; their fear is that she will demean the family’s honour by remarrying. It also forms the most positive aspect of the play, using one of the traditional stage conventions of love, defiance and disapproval (Pacheco and Johnson (2012) pg. 93). This serves to provide a ‘lift’ to an otherwise dark play, and compares the lighter side of the Duchess’ sexual desire to her brother Ferdinand’s. The extract is set at the second half of Act 1 scene 1, the first half being to set the backdrop for the audience and give them a good idea of each character and a good indication of things to come. Specifically, the extract is between the Duchess finding out how Antonio feels about marriage and their union itself; here, the Duchess is convincing Antonio that he is worthy of her, that she is woman enough despite her brothers, her rank and her status as a widow. This is achieved by the features of Webster’s distinctive language and the stage directions (both written and performed through reading). The Duchess uses double meaning in her dialogue, ‘So now the grounds broke/ you may discover what a wealthy mine/ I make you lord of.’ (Webster, (2010[1623]) 1.1.432-33). She is referring to her own wealth and the value of his rank when they marry. This wordplay is also in the line ‘we are forced to woo because none dare woo us:’ (Webster, (2010[1623]) 1.1.446) she is again referring to her rank and playing on the word ‘woo’ to mean ‘woe’ (and the irony being that she is wooing him). These are very persuasive lines for Antonio, who feels unworthy of the Duchess despite the traditional gender roles being swapped, and the dominance of the Duchess being prevalent. He realises this with the line ‘These words should be mine,’ (Webster, (2010[1623]) 1.1.476). There is also wordplay in ‘All discord, without this circumference, / Is only to be pitied and not feared.’ (Webster, (2010[1623]) 1.1.473). The Duchess is referring to the situation they are in (secret wedding and/or the room), the wedding ring she has given him and to the confinement her brothers wish for her. There could also be reference to how Antonio will be should they marry – a higher rank, but it will be a secret for some time. The duchess is trying to assuage the fear of it all by saying without it there is only pity (for her). The metre and rhythm of the speech in this extract is another distinctive feature. It is un-rhyming blank verse and follows the rules of iambic pentameter except where Webster wants a character to pause, for example, ‘You were ill to sell yourself’ (Webster, (2010[1623]) 1.1.435) is only three feet of the full five feet line, leaving two for pause before the next line. This puts impact on that line but also on the ones following it. This technique is also echoed in the ‘woo’ line (Webster, (2010[1623]) 1.1.446); the metre of the line is slightly too long, which shows the Duchess’ unwillingness to follow orders. Likewise, the line ‘You have left me heartless, mine is in your bosom’ (Webster, (2010[1623]) 1.1.453) is too long, giving emphasis on the line and a cue for the actress playing the Duchess to use it for stage direction. The Duchess and Antonio’s dialogue overlaps through most of this extract; it makes them sound as if they are thinking together – giving the audience a feel for the emotional charge between the two characters. We have already seen from earlier in scene 1 that the Duchess is clearly defiant of her brothers, so it is little surprise to see that in response to Antonio’s fear of them she shrugs them off with the line ‘Do not think of them.’ (Webster, (2010[1623]) 1.1.472). this confirms the audiences view of her as being strong and resilient but also somewhat naive, and also gives them a clue of what is to come, especially when she follows with the lines ‘Yet, should they know it, time will easily/ scatter the tempest.’ (Webster, (2010 [1623]) 1.1.476). This dramatic irony confirms what the audience knows but Antonio does not: that her brothers are unaware of their impending marriage. Indeed, with these lines Webster is inviting the audience to fear the brother’s reaction too after hearing their earlier death threat to the Duchess. (Webster, (2010[1623]) 1.1.298-344) The depth of each character and difference of rank is shown in this extract by Webster’s use of figurative language. The Duchess continuously shows her determination and sprit, something which continues throughout the play – even to her death. And poor Antonio, who despite being honest and loyal, is overwhelmed at the turn of events and the metaphoric swapping of gender roles to the point where he is seeking solace in the Duchess’s words and is happy to be deluded ‘Would not have savoured flattery’ (Webster, (2010[1623]) 1.1.478). He is painfully aware that he is not equal in rank but will be in marriage, and his fears exaggerate her strength ‘These words should be mine,/ And all of the parts you have spoke, if some part of it/ Would not have savoured flattery.’ (Webster, (2010[1623]) 1.1.476-8) As for performance, the extract only provides one written key stage direction ‘(she kisses him)’ (Webster, (2010[1623]) 1.1.468). However, there is plenty in the reading of the extract to relate to performance. This also leaves room for interpretation in relation to performance possibilities. The pace of the dialogue changes depending on which character is speaking, for example, lines 445-462 are full of short syllables which quicken the rhythm of the metre to make it energetic and erratic, ‘And fearfully equivocates,’ (Webster, (2010[1623]) 1.1.448). It could serve to make the Duchess sound tense yet determined, and she could be sort of ranting in her attempts to convince Antonio. These lines also provide many words that can be used as stage direction, for example while she is speaking between lines 445 and 451 she could be pacing the stage and using her hands to emphasise her point ‘The misery of†¦ Thing it is not’ (Webster, (2010[1623]) 1.1.445-52). Also in ‘Go, go brag,’ (Webster, (2010[1623]) 1.1.452), she could point off stage as if inviting him to leave, either in an angry or defeated way. After, in ‘You have left me heartless’ (Webster, (2010[1623]) 1.1.453), her hands could go to her heart, and then onto his with ‘mine is in your bosom’ and leave them there for ‘you do tremble (Webster, (2010[1623]) 1.1.453-54). She could shake him at ‘awake, awake, man,’ (Webster, (2010[1623]) 1.1.459). The pace slows down again after Antonio has promised to protect her reputation; the syllables become longer and more even and written commas slow the dialogue to make it measured. This follows to the end of the extract so we can see that the Duchess is calmer and happy now that Antonio has accepted her proposal. This should reflect in the way that the person playing the Duchess should perform, especially when she is shrugging off the fear of her brothers, as it is almost nonchalant. The stage set up should have enough room for there to be complete focus on the characters and no superfluous scenery – perhaps only what is required to make it obvious what the room is, plus the table and chair for Antonio and the curtains for Cariola to hide behind. If the Duchess is pacing the stage while she rants there should be adequate room for this, and Antonio could follow behind her. Indeed, if he is seeking solace in her words, the actor may wish to appear meek (and therefore filling the gender and rank role) by following her blindly but also allowing her to turn to place her hands on him where necessary. In all, we can see how the distinctive features of Webster’s language have brought the play into being. The use of dramatic irony, metre and rhythm, imagery and figurative language to convey emotion, bring scenes to life and help the audiences perception. Webster also especially does this in his use of figurative language to create stage directions for the cast, which in turn helps them to set and convey the scene. With the play only having little written stage directions, Webster leaves the play open for the actor’s interpretation, and its possibilities onstage.

Effective leader Essay

Imagine a world without leaders. A leader, defined by Websters Dictionary, is a person who rules, or guides others. When we think of leaders, we think of leaders of things as big as countries or nations, and as small as towns or even schools. Different types of leaders have duties they have to fulfill but one thing that all effective leaders are, is strong willed, knowledgeable, and powerful. In some times in history, it may be true that these three words bring out a side of the word â€Å"effective† that is not usually thought of. Effective means, producing the desired or intended result. The â€Å"intended result† varies for different leaders. So could a leader be effective even when they do not cause a positive effect to their followers? How about leaders Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin and Napoleon Bonaparte? One effective leader to date is Adolf Hitler, a political leader of the Nazi Party and chancellor leader in Germany from 1933 to 1945. Adolf Hitler was a very powerful leader while also being an evil leader. Joseph Stalin, an underestimated monster in European history, was as effective as it gets. Stalin is known for two things, industrially revolutionizing, and agriculturally revolutionizing. He was strong-willed about both of these plans. Stalin’s famous Five-Year Plans started off with developing the Soviet Union’s economy by setting extremely high numerical goals, to increase the output of steel, coal, oil, and electricity. To achieve these quotas, people had to face shortages of food, clothing and other necessities. This proves Stalin was strong-willed because he set a goal for himself and his country and although it put his people at risk, he had an idea in his mind that nothing would come in between. Another example of how Joseph Stalin was an effective leader is his success during his agricultural revolution. In 1928, the government began to s ixver 25 million private farms in the Soviet Union and combined these small farms into large, government owned farms, called collective farms. The collective farms were expected to boost food production because of the modern machinery, and reduce the number of workers. When workers resisted, Stalin used terror and violence in hope for them to react in a working manner. The  ends justified the means for Stalin. Stalin is a Machiavellian figure in history, and that is why this example shows that Stalin was a strong-willed leader. A well formed military is one of the keys to a successful nation. Napoleon Bonaparte is one of the most well known military leaders of all times, but why? To be a good military leader, you have to be a lot of things, one of them being knowledgeable. In order to have a successful military, it is not just about the weapons and the strength of the soldiers but even more about the thought process, strategies, and tactics. Napoleon commanded 34 battles and lost only 6 and ended up dominating Europe. This proves Napoleon was a knowledgeable leader because to be able to command an army that is able to win 28 out 34 battles in Europe in the 23 year time frame of 1792-1815, that commander really would have had to have an idea of what he was doing. Another example of how Napoleon was a knowledgeable leader is his military strategies. Wherever you go, you are bound to find someone who is not a proud follower of the leader of the place that they are in. Sometimes, this is because of ignorant opinions, but more importantly, sometimes it is because of the choices that leader makes. Being a leader of anything is the hardest job in the world. You are put in charge of something and you are expected to well educated, fair, etc., but what if your â€Å"fair† is different than one of your followers’ â€Å"fair†. Disagreements between leaders and followers are the main reason of political controversy and separation between groups. From good leaders to bad leaders, it is notable that all leaders are strong-willed, knowledgeable, and powerful. Wherever you go, you are bound to find someone who is not a proud follower of the leader of the place that they are in. Sometimes, this is because of ignorant opinions, but more importantly, sometimes it is because of the choices that leader makes. Being a leader of anything is the hardest job in the world. You are put in charge of something and you are expected to well educated, fair, etc., but what if your â€Å"fair† is different than one of your followers’ â€Å"fair†. Disagreements between leaders and followers are the main reason of political controversy and separation between groups. From good leaders to bad leaders, it is notable  that all leaders are strong-willed, knowledgeable, and powerful. Wherever you go, you are bound to find someone who is not a proud follower of the leader of the place that they are in. Sometimes, this is because of ignorant opinions, but more importantly, sometimes it is because of the choices that leader makes. Being a leader of anything is the hardest job in the world. You are put in charge of something and you are expected to well educated, fair, etc., but what if your â€Å"fair† is different than one of your followers’ â€Å"fair†. Disagreements between leaders and followers are the main reason of political controversy and separation between groups. From good leaders to bad leaders, it is notable that all leaders are strong-willed, knowledgeable, and powerful.

THE REFORM OF URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN CHINA Essay

THE REFORM OF URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN CHINA - Essay Example This included the property rights arrangement, the financial arrangement and the operation arrangement. The property rights arrangement enabled the transfer of ownership. The financial arrangement provided the capital availability for further development. The operational arrangement upgraded the efficiency by exploiting advanced management skill applied to the water sector. As the privatization of the water sector took place, the role of the government changed. The government should step down from the role of service provider, and become the regulator of water market. The increase in water tariffs was also important in the water reform. The central government tried to increase the water efficiency and productivity by market mechanism. Increase in water tariffs raised the cost of using water, which could reduce water consumption with low use value. The urban water resources management had experienced a tremendous change for the sustainable development of urban China. I declare that this dissertation represents my own work, except where due acknowledgement is made and that it has not been previously included in a thesis, dissertation, or report submitted to this University or to any other institution for a degree, diploma or other qualifications. I would like to take this opportunity to thank my family, especially my wife Marisa and my daughter Vickie for their enduring support and encouragement. Also, I want to show my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Dr Y S Frederick LEE, for his continual support and guidance during the whole period of the preparation of my dissertation. Here I want to dedicate this work to them. Water is one of the necessities for human sustainable development. It is also a key element for urban activities, such as daily living and industrial activities. China has only 6% of the world’s total fresh water resource, but more than 20% of its population (Gleick, 2009). The National

Data Analysis & Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Data Analysis & Research Methods - Essay Example 263). Apparently, ‘r’ is very close to zero, which means that the two variables have no relationship. In other words, support for the new waste policy has no statistical relationship with the volume of waste produced prior to the policy’s introduction. The other inference drawn from the analysis is that r is positive, meaning that â€Å"as one variable gets larger the other gets larger† (Conover, 1980, p. 263). However, since we have concluded that the two variables have no statistical relationships, then the positive relationship is spontaneous and hence has no scientific meaning (Croxton, Cowden & Klein, 1968). To better understand the correlation of coefficients, it is important to square them to get the proportion of the disparity in one variable that is associated with the variation in the other variable. In this case, the percentage is extremely small (0.00002%), which again adds evidence that the two variables have no relationship. These statistics r eveals that the volume of waste that the staff generated prior to introduction of the new policy does not have any influence in the manner in which they embrace the new policy. Embracing of the new policy, in this case, is determined by question six, which asks â€Å"How many times per week do you visit the central re-cycling bins to deposit waste of the central waste bins?† Question A (b) Assumption: 3 = yes, close enough, 1 = No, too far away (this means that a positive correlation should imply that support for new policy in positively related with convenience. respondent Question 4 Question 6 X Y X*X Y*Y X*Y 1 3 3 9 9 9 2 3 12 9 144 36 3 1 6 1 36 6 4 1 4 1 16 4 5 1 5 1 25 5 6 3 7 9 49 21 7 1 8 1 64 8 8 1 6 1 36 6 9 1 17 1 289 17 10 1 21 1 441 21 11 1 2 1 4 2 12 3 7 9 49 21 13 3 5 9 25 15 14 1 5 1 25 5 15 1 8 1 64 8 16 3 4 9 16 12 17 1 9 1 81 9 18 3 12 9 144 36 19 1 19 1 361 19 20 3 13 9 169 39 21 3 4 9 16 12 22 1 15 1 225 15 23 1 17 1 289 17 24 3 7 9 49 21 25 1 10 1 100 10 26 3 3 9 9 9 27 3 12 9 144 36 28 1 6 1 36 6 29 1 4 1 16 4 30 1 5 1 25 5 31 3 10 9 100 30 32 1 8 1 64 8 33 1 6 1 36 6 34 1 10 1 100 10 35 1 23 1 529 23 61 313 139 3785 511 N= 35 ?X = 61 ?Y= 313 ?XY =511 ?X2 =139 ?Y2=3785 Null hypothesis: there is enough evidence to show that support for the new waste policy was related to the convenience of the re-cycling bins’ location? Perform statistical tests to investigate these questions fully. Correlation(r) = [N?XY - (?X) (?Y) / v ([N?X2 (?X) 2] [N?Y2 - (?Y) 2])] r = [35*511-61*313/v ([35*139*3721] [35*3785-97,969)] r = -1208/790348.4 r = -0.002 r2=0.004 = 0.4% The coefficient of correlation between convenience of the re-cycling bins’ location and support for the new waste policy is -0.002, which means that when the location is more convenient, less people will support the policy. However, the coefficient is quite far from -1, therefore, the two variables are not closely related. The square of the coefficient is 0.4%, which mea ns that only 0.4% of the variance accounts for this relationship, while the rest 99.6% is due to sampling errors. In reality, it would be hard to find people failing to support the policy when it is more convenient, while they support it when it is less convenient. Therefore, we could conclude that the statistical relationship is largely because of sampling errors, and hence not a true representative of what could happen in the population (Rosner, 2000). Is there any evidence

Levels of Health Care for a Brain Tumor Patient Essay

Levels of Health Care for a Brain Tumor Patient - Essay Example Brain tumors can be diagnosed through various processes: physical examination, neurologic examination, a Computerised Tomography (CT) scan and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). By physical examination, general health signs are checked. Neurologic examination is where the doctor examines the patient for attentiveness, strength of the muscles and coordination, any spontaneous effect and reaction to pain. The doctor also conducts an examination of the eyes to identify any swelling of the nerve connecting the brain and the eye which might have been caused by the pressure inserted by the tumor. With CT scan, an X-ray is conducted where the results are observed from a computer connected to the x-ray machine which clearly shows the position and the size of the tumors. MRI is where a high magnetic material is connected to a computer which shows detailed and clear pictures of the body that is provided by the means of a special dye which makes different tissues distinct. The pictures can be pr inted out (Potts & Mandleco, 2012). The patient undergoing brain tumor care is named Mrs. Y for purposes of patient confidentiality as required by the nursing and medical ethic. Primary level of health care is the first step where patients are exposed to health care systems which are normally the smaller health care facilities like the dispensaries serving the local community. Mostly, this unit involves simple diagnostic measures, preventive and curative where in-patients services are rare. Nurses are mostly found in this stage that will refer the patient to a district hospital which provides better services and in-patients services. The nurse examines the general sciences and symptoms of illness from the patient who then refers the patient for further treatment from the district level because the facility has no the necessary machines and equipment to examine the patient further (Potts & Mandleco 2012). The nurse can only administer pain killers to the patient. District level hospi tals have nurses, doctors and physicians who can conduct imaging, laboratory tests, simple X-rays and theaters to conduct simple surgeries. Most of the doctors and physicians could be operating in the provincial hospitals; therefore, they are only present in the hospitals rarely. The patient is given a chance to explain herself. Snooks state that because there is lack of proper equipment to critically examine the patient’s brain, the physician will have no choice but to refer the patient to the next level (2009). The physician explains to the patient and the family members of her condition and the challenge the facility is facing, the complexity of the condition and the cost of the procedure. The physician writes a note of referral which provides the initial examinations and any medication the patient has been given during this level. Mrs. Y may have a difficult time understanding her condition; many people view that any disease of the brain may result in madness. Therefore, counseling services may be provided by the administration to the patient and the family to reduce tension and stress (Potts & Mandleco 2012). The financial services to cover Mrs. Y treatment during this stage and to the next level may subject the family members some stress. Secondary level of health care refers to a stage with more sophisticated facilities as well as specialists in a particular area. Highly trained doctors, nurses, surgeons and physicians are readily available. This may be a provincial hospita

Week 3 Conference Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week 3 Conference - Essay Example rovide constitutional right fully because they do not provide tor the right of the due process of law that has been accorded to all accused persons in the United States. In that, any evidence or testimony from previous trials can be admissible during the trial, which I not the case in the criminal civil courts that means that the tried person is not accorded the right to due process. The courts should allow a structure as that of the civilian court to ensure that all the constitutional rights are upheld. In the case of Exparte Milligan (1866), the court illustrated that the constitution protects the law of the land. It also tried to justify the fact that every person should get a fair trial. Upon Appeal it was held that Milligan should have been tried in a regular court and not a military tribunal as the law protects every person and they are equal. Korematsu had a right of fair treatment as any other American resident but since he was Japanese, the government felt that they had a right to protect their country during war times. Moreover, if they saw him as a threat then they had a right to send him away from his home where he had refused to come out of, as he believed it was his right. The court felt that it was impossible from them to separate the friend from the foe or the royal and the disloyal as Korematsu was from the imperial Japan as all the Japanese were supposed to go to the internment camp and there would be no exceptions (Konkoly,2006, par.3). The court was correct in its holding not to exclude Korematsu from moving from his house to the internment camp as the rest of the Japanese, as they were protecting the security of the whole nation. The exclusion order 9066 at that time that is the 1942 to 1944 was seen as constitution because the courts sided with the government as they were trying to protect the country during the time of war. It was also held that the individual right of Mr. Fred was not as important as the rights of the American people and

Push and pull factors in Syrian migration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Push and pull factors in Syrian migration - Essay Example (Mooney, 2014). Mostly, people flee in entire families in order to save their children. The flow of refugees from Syria affects many other states including both the immediate neighbors and the more distanced countries, because the refugees looking for shelter, employment and safety produce considerable impact on their social welfare policy and economy. With the outbreak of the war, forced migration began including people seeking asylum abroad and internally displaced citizens. The scale is rather disturbing, as nearly a half of the entire Syrian population is reported to have migrated; and the numbers of refugees has been persistently growing since 2011. Presently, the number of the emigrants registered in other countries reaches 3,810,574 people, according to the reports of the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR, 2015); whereas the number of internally displaced citizens is estimated 6.5 million (Nebehay, 2014). It is necessary to mention that not all Syrians have been able to cross the border in order to migrate to other countries: many of them are reported to have difficulties in crossing the border. It is especially relevant for Palestinian refugees living in Syria, who are often deported from the neighboring countries (e.g. Jordan) back to the warring country (Mooney, 2014). However, the flow of the internally displaced doesn’t seize, because people’s lives are endangered both by governmental military forces and â€Å"non-state armed groups† (The Independent International Commission of Inquiry for the Syrian Arab Republic, 2014). The most frequent destinations of the forced migration are the immediate neighbors, Jordan, Turkey, Iraq, Lebanon; other countries to give refuge to Syrians are Egypt, the United States, North African countries and members of the European Union. Particularly, Jordan remains among the most favorable hosting countries for a range of reasons. The influx of

Indian populations of Argentina and Chile pre-colonial period and Essay

Indian populations of Argentina and Chile pre-colonial period and their changing reality during the colonial period - Essay Example Indians belonging to the Guarani tribe originally inhabited most of the regions in South America such as Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Argentina. They used to be semi-nomadic, well known for their fierce and warriors like culture and traditions. Actually, the name ‘Guarani’ stands for warrior. Some Argentines trace their ancestry to the Guarani tribe, and they have brown eyes and dark hair. They have light skin, portraying a combination of European and Guarani heritage 1(Aladama, 2003 p 328). Before the conquest by Spain, the Guarani had been scattered widely throughout southern American countries including Argentina. Thus, this Indian community had occupied Argentina even before colonization. They carried out numerous economic activities, which determined their culture. Long before, the Spaniards arrived in Argentina, Guarani used to be hunters and gatherers. They survived by hunting animals for food, as well as gathering fruits in forests. Men used to do the hunting, while women did gathering 2(Schild, 2000 p275). On the other hand, Mapuches occupied most of Chile and just a few Mapuches inhabited Argentina. Indians of the Mapuche tribe became the first inhabitants of Argentina and Chile, with them occupying a vast territory before the arrival of the Spanish. Before the arrival of the Spanish, the Mapuche occupied most of the parts in South America, and their population was two million. Currently, they occur in large numbers of about one and a half million in Chile and two hundred thousand in Argentina. Therefore, they have occupied most parts in Chile as compared to Argentina. Indian Mapuche constituted the third largest community in South America before colonization and after colonization of Chile by Spain 3(Geschiere&Nyamnjoh, 2001 p 170). Before colonization, and the coming of Incas and Spanish, the Mapuche occupied forests in

Why Boston University is a good fit for you and what specifically has Essay - 1

Why Boston University is a good fit for you and what specifically has led you to apply for admission - Essay Example e understand and create a solution to their problems, I was able to prove to myself that with ample knowledge about the human brain and its effects on human behaviour would allow me to help more people in the future. Taking up a bachelor’s degree with a major in Psychology is exactly what I think suits me best. As of the moment, I have not thought about the area in which I would like to specialize, though I am hoping that the university would guide me through which road I should take eventually. My fascination about the human brain is too profound for me to put it to waste. It would be an honor for me to share that passion with one of the most prestigious universities in the country, Boston University. With the university’s excellent programs, I am confident that they will provide me with exceptional learning experience that would further nourish the desire within me to understand the complexity of the human mind. Being a pioneer in the research programs among the various educational institutions in the country (â€Å"Boston†), its members of the faculty are equipped with adequate wisdom and knowledge of the areas I hope to gain as much learning as possible. I believe I deserve to be educated in this institution because I share the same passion that they have particularly in recognizing the need to interpret people’s behaviour as dictated by their

Rapid Growth of Christianity in the First Centuries Essay Example for Free

Rapid Growth of Christianity in the First Centuries Essay Account for the rapid growth of Christianity in the first centuries. Christianity spread rapidly from C.E for three hundred years until it was legalized. The fact that this religion spread so quickly is one of the most amazing feats in history – in just 300 years Christianity went from one person preaching about a God, to a legalized religion. One of the main reasons for this rapid growth is that Christianity was open to anyone, in Judaism, you were not automatically a Jew and some synagogues did not allow people to convert. The great thing about Christianity was that anybody could become a Christian. People often thought of Christianity as Judaism lite. This was because Christianity descended from Judaism and had a lot of the same beliefs – it was just easier to become a Christian and the rules were not quite as strict. Both Judaism and Christianity are monotheistic religions so they only believe in one god. The Jewish religion was attractive to gentiles because of its monotheistic beliefs and moral code – who were tired of worshiping the Greek and Roman pantheons (Gods Goddesses). It got to the point when Jewish Synagogues would no longer allow Christians in them so the Christians Christianity is said to have the highest standard of love to god and to man. Christianity often appealed to poor people who felt alienated by mainstream religions. Back then, most people would be able to speak fluent Greek, the fact that Christianity was written and mostly spoken in Greek made it appeal to the majority of the people because they could read it. Judaism however was spoken in Hebrew, so only people that could speak Hebrew could understand it. This is why the new testament was written in Greek. The Roman Empire had a weak religion, so it was very easy to get people to convert to Christianity. After a group of people converted, others often followed behind. So many people converted to Christianity that Rome became the ‘base’ of the religion. That Is why the Pope lives in Rome – this is where Christianity was ‘properly’ formed.

The future of cloud computing in malaysia

The future of cloud computing in malaysia In this day and age, cloud computing is a hot topic anywhere across the nation and Malaysia is not to be left behind. Therefore, since the effects of cloud computing are said to be enormous, this research study will cover few objectives in order to examine the future of cloud computing in Malaysia through distinguishing the classification or types of cloud computing, analyzing its potentiality, identifying its pros and cons and its security measures. Nonetheless, before the term Cloud computing is further discussed, it is briefly explained as a web-based technology whereby a number of data are hosted and managed through the internet and web to support business process. IT professionals are adapting to this technology in order to get in line with the fast growing new era of technology nowadays. Compared to the previous technology, this advance revolution of cloud computing is claimed to be very much cost and time saving. However, while cloud computing is on the rise there are many questions raised by various companies considering our current use of information technology. They are particularly the advantages and disadvantages of cloud computing, its future potentials and risks and whether the organization across the nation should adapt or acquire cloud computing. Recently, as cited by President and CEO of Mimos, Datuk Abdul Wahab Abdullah in The Star Online (Monday July 13, 2009), Cloud computing is the next logical step in ICT (information and communications technology), Further more he stated that With a headstart in our involvement in its research, we will be on par with other countries in cloud computing and Malaysia will be able to reap the benefits as an early adopter. This shows the interest of participation towards the technology of computing in the clouds which has become a hype talks in forums and website among the IT professionals and CEOs anywhere around the globe nowadays. The terms used for this research paper includes SaaS which refer to an acronym for Software as a Service and PaaS which refer to an acronym for Platform as a Service. According to an online journal of Cloud Computing and SOA (http://www.mortengryning.dk/Work/coa.pdf), PaaS is defined as a platform delivered as a service which can run web services and applications, and which is an abstraction from the infrastructure underneath. PaaS if difference from a normal platform in that PaaS does not require knowledge or care about the underlying infrastructures hardware or software. In addition, it stated that cloud services means cloud computing functionality offered such as storage, processing and so forth. In other words, cloud computing is claimed to be able to replace the current IT trend of running software services and applications and utility services as the extra attached services which are executed in the cloud platforms developed by the developer. According to Moore Hebeler(2009) i n the journal Computing in the Clouds cloud applications can be created through two major implementation which are the Amazon Web Service (AWS) and Google Application Engine (GAE). There are few different definitions used for cloud computing or also known as computing in the cloud. In this research paper, the different definitions are explored in order to get better overview of its terms and use as well as to devise a definition use for cloud computing. First, according to an online article on Above the Clouds: A Berkeley View of Cloud Computing http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/2009/EECS-2009-28.pdf), Cloud Computing refers to both the applications delivered as services over the Internet and the hardware and systems software in the datacenters that provide those services. The services themselves have long been referred to as Software as a Service (SaaS), so we use that term. The datacenter hardware and software is what we will call a Cloud. Meanwhile, according to an online journal on IBM cloud computing (http://download.boulder.ibm.com/ibmdl/pub/software/dw/wes/hipods/Cloudcomputing_wp_final_8Oct.pdf), Cloud computing is a term used to describe both a platform and type of application. A cloud computing platform dynamically provisions, configures, reconfigures, and deprovisions servers as needed. Third, according to an online article on by Rich Trenholm, CNET.co.uk on An introduction to cloud computing (http://asia.cnet.com/,), The cloud represents the Internet: Instead of using software installed on your computer or saving data to your hard drive, youre working and storing stuff on the Web, in cyberspace. Data is kept on servers run by the service youre using, and tasks are performed in your browser using an interface provided by the service. As a summary based on the three different definitions of clouds computing, cloud computing is actually mostly defined in the different sources however similarities among the definition exists. The similarities are critically reviewed in this research topic whereby the cloud computing may bring about major change in our information technology industry. The questions which might arise based on the reviews are in terms of the pros and cons concerning to the risks and security measure that cloud computing can provide to users and organization. This is because as cited earlier, saving all the data and working and storing them on the web or cyberspace can be very time saving whether by individuals or the whole business organization but then this is also depend whether the data are kept on the servers safely or they might also exposed to the hackers and crackers. Hence, for example having to purchase installation software for individual might not be obviously costly, but in a larger unit su ch as an organization with hundreds of staffs, eliminating the cost for installation software and its maintenance would make a great difference in reducing the yearly budgets. Nonetheless, according to another source from an online article on Above the Clouds (http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/2009/EECS-2009-28.pdf), a Cloud is made available in a pay-as-you-go manner to the general public, we call it a Public Cloud; the service being sold is Utility Computing. We use the term Private Cloud to refer to internal datacenters of a business or other organization, not made available to the general public. Thus, Cloud Computing is the sum of SaaS and Utility Computing, but does not include Private Clouds. People can be users or providers of SaaS, or users or providers of Utility Computing. In addition, according to an online journal on Cloud computing and SOA (http://www.mortengryning.dk/Work/coa.pdf) utility computing is the broad definition of supplying computing resources as telephoning is supplied while cloud computing is a more specific technological term for a specific supply method of the computing resources. In relation to the technology pay-as- you-go manner term provided in the cloud computing cited earlier, it refers to the use of service of SaaS and PaaS used at that particular time only. Next, there are pros and cons of acquiring cloud computing. Despite the advantages offered by cloud computing, the advantages do exist too which cause organization or companies might refuse to adopt into cloud computing for their particular needs According to an online journal on Cloud Computing To be or Not to be (http://www.mscmalaysia.my/codenavia/portals/msc/images/pdf/rnd_grant/series2/07_Cloud-SS-2009_dr%20simon%20seev1.1.pdf), the advantages and disadvantages of cloud computing can be illustrated as the following diagrams of benefits and challenges or issue of cloud computing. Benefits of Cloud Computing According to in the article Inside Cloud Computing, MacVittie (2009) states that cloud computing is the infrastructure and model of deployment that defines whether something is or is not cloud computing. Hence, based on the diagram Benefits of Cloud Computingcited from an online journal on Cloud Computing To be or Not to be (http://www.mscmalaysia.my/), there are eight benefits illustrated with its level of importance. The most important level of benefit is Easy/fast to deploy which indicate the percentage of more than half. This shows that besides offering latest functionality that is fifty percent of the importance level cloud computing can provide, the highest ranking of benefit involve the most time saved to increase productivity and performance of participating organization. For instance in Malaysia, the MIMOS president and chief executive officer, Dato Abdul Wahab Abdullah (http://mis-asia.com), states that the creation of dynamic cloud services from our collaboration has the potential to enrich, even transform, the everyday lives of the general public in Malaysia. Challenges of Cloud Computing Nevertheless, there are many challenges and issues which arise in accordance the cloud computing technology. Hence, to in the article Inside Cloud Computing, MacVittie (2009) states that its a very scary scenario when you consider that shared resources necessary mean shared security risks. Therefore, as illustrated in the diagram Challenges of Cloud computing cited from an online journal on Cloud Computing To be or Not to be (http://www.mscmalaysia.my/), there are nine challenges or issues illustrated with its level of significance. The security shows the most insignificance of nearly seventy five percent. The security of data is essentially important to any organization no matter what their business backgrounds are. For instance, as cloud computing is about keep data on a web based, when it comes to security of data in a country such as in Malaysia, the country wont be able to risk even a little of the confidential data within a country such as citizenship and monetary banking reco rds to be exposed to computer crimes such as hacking. Meanwhile the following table shows another way of contrasting between the advantages and disadvantages of cloud computing through the obstacles and opportunities for Growth of Cloud Computing as quoted in the online journal Cloud Computing To be or Not to be (http://www.mscmalaysia.my) As a summary, there are no exact measure to determine whether cloud computing bring more harm than good in a small or large business organization. According to an online journal (http://www.CloudPlatform/Chappell.pdf), Chappel mentions according cloud computing pros and cons that An organization can investigate the current status quo for and assess whether the control issues for cloud computing are problematic for the intended uses of cloud computing. Also, Chappel states Cloud computing might be an improvement of security instead of a deterioration compared to the current situation. Therefore it is mainly the responsibility of each organization such as HP collaboration with MIMOS in Malaysia that the risks associated with the participating in cloud computing and analyze the level of importance and significance of acquiring cloud computing to improve their companys performance and productivity whether in short or a long term basis not to mention also considering possibility of the r isks of cost and large investments in resources of the organization. Next, in examining the future of cloud computing in Malaysia, as cited in an online journal on Malaysian Government Pushes Cloud Computing (http://mis-asia.com), MIMOS president and chief executive officer, Dato Abdul Wahab Abdullah states The cloud is the next stage in the evolution of the Internet, the means through which everything will be delivered to you as a service, from computing power to business processes to personal interactions, wherever, however, and whenever you need it, he said. This collaboration provides the opportunity to place Malaysia on the cloud computing research community world map. According to the online journal, the MIMOS president and CEO shows positive feedback to support participation in implementing cloud computing. Additionally to the cited journal, MIMOS president and chief executive officer, Dato Abdul Wahab Abdullah mentions I am confident MIMOS and HP will be able to elevate research done in Malaysia to a world-class level. More importantly, the creation of dynamic cloud services from our collaboration has the potential to enrich, even transform, the everyday lives of the general public in Malaysia, he said. MIMOS gets to contribute to world-class research and provide our local research community with a platform to collaborate with the global community, he explained. Then he stated that Malaysia has made major strides in advancing ICT development in the country with the establishment of MSC Malaysia and the ministry of science, technology and innovations emphasis on advanced technology RD and building a knowledge society. Cloud computing is the next step To compile with, on the contrary to the positive feedback by the CEO of MIMOS, an article in STAR newspaper oinline (http://star-techcentral.com) states that security and privacy concerns have been raised over a multimillion-dollar proposal by Los Angeles to tap Google Incs Internet-based services for government e-mail, police records and other confidential data. Also, Cloud computing is the storing of data and computer applications online rather than on individual computers under a companys or government agencys direct control. The shift toward doing more over the Web could make it much easier for hackers to gain access to corporate or government files. As reviewed in earlier on disadvantages of cloud computing, the security issues have always been debated in order to ensure firm security of the organizations data. Hence, the future of cloud computing in Malaysia, should have a firm secure coding as an absolute requirement for cloud computing as a wide variety of application on the network security later in the cloud computing infrastructure. Only then, the risks can be minimized for the stability of its participation in cloud computing. As a conclusion to this research study on The Future of Cloud Computing in Malaysia, cloud computing can have a great influence on the way organization works. As a result, despite the limited scope of this research study, the implications of implementing cloud computing in Malaysia should be put into high consideration as computing in the clouds may cause enormous impact even though it brings a new era of IT technology to people. 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